Teach English in Paraguay: Requirements, Salary, Jobs
Teach English in Paraguay
Are you thinking about teaching English in Paraguay? With its rich cultural heritage, friendly locals, and relaxed way of life, Paraguay offers a unique experience for teachers. From the bustling capital of Asunción to the scenic countryside, there's a place for every type of teacher.
Paraguay is known for its affordability and slower pace of life, making it a great destination for English teachers seeking a comfortable lifestyle. With a subtropical climate, Paraguay enjoys warm temperatures year-round, and the modern conveniences in urban areas ensure a pleasant living experience.
Situated in the heart of South America, Paraguay shares borders with Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia, providing opportunities for travel and exploration. Whether you're an experienced teacher or new to the profession, teaching in Paraguay allows you to grow professionally while immersing yourself in a unique cultural environment.
Why Teach English in Paraguay?
Teaching English in Paraguay is more than just a job – it's a chance to live a life full of new experiences and adventure. Here are some reasons why Paraguay is an attractive destination for English teachers.
Immerse Yourself in Paraguayan Culture
Paraguay’s culture is deeply influenced by its indigenous roots and Spanish colonial heritage. As a teacher, you'll experience firsthand the warmth and hospitality of the Paraguayan people, who are proud of their traditions.
You can take part in festivals like San Juan, celebrated in June with bonfires, traditional foods, and games, or experience Día de la Independencia in May, when Paraguayans honor their country’s independence with parades and festivities. Exploring the historical sites in Asunción, visiting Itaipú Dam, or learning about the indigenous Guaraní language will deepen your understanding of the culture.
Explore Natural Beauty
Paraguay is home to beautiful natural landscapes that range from the lush forests of the Paraguay River Basin to the vast plains of the Gran Chaco. Teachers who love nature will enjoy exploring national parks such as Ybycuí National Park, with its stunning waterfalls, or visiting Cerro Corá National Park, known for its cultural and historical significance.
For those interested in outdoor activities, Paraguay offers opportunities for birdwatching, hiking, and visiting Lake Ypacaraí, a popular destination for relaxation and water sports. Paraguay may not have beaches, but its rivers and natural beauty offer plenty of ways to enjoy nature.
Enjoy an Affordable Lifestyle
One of the key benefits of living in Paraguay is the affordable cost of living. Even on a teacher’s salary, you can enjoy a high quality of life. Accommodation is reasonably priced, whether you choose to live in the city or a smaller town. Public transportation is efficient, and dining out is affordable, with delicious local dishes like sopa paraguaya and chipa readily available.
This affordability also extends to day-to-day living expenses, allowing you to travel within the country or neighboring countries without financial stress. Paraguay’s low cost of living makes it an ideal destination for teachers looking to save money or experience a comfortable lifestyle.
Growing Demand for English Teachers
English is becoming increasingly important in Paraguay, especially in urban areas where businesses are expanding their global reach. This has led to a growing demand for English teachers in schools, language centers, and universities. Many institutions provide assistance with visas, housing, and work permits, making the transition smoother.
Job opportunities are available in a variety of settings, including public schools, private institutions, and international schools. Whether you prefer working with children, teenagers, or adults, you can find a position that suits your teaching style in Paraguay.
Experience Warm Hospitality
Paraguayans are known for their warm and welcoming nature. As an English teacher, you’ll find it easy to integrate into the local community. Paraguayans are proud of their culture and eager to share it with foreigners. You may be invited to local celebrations, family gatherings, or weekend asados (barbecues), where you can build lasting friendships and deepen your connection to the country.
Enjoy Paraguayan Cuisine
Paraguayan food is hearty and flavorful, with a mix of indigenous and Spanish influences. As a teacher in Paraguay, you’ll have the chance to explore traditional dishes like sopa paraguaya, a cornbread often served at meals, and chipa, a cheese-flavored bread popular throughout the country.
Visit markets to try fresh fruits, mbejú (a starch-based pancake), and tereré, a traditional cold tea enjoyed throughout the day. Paraguayan cuisine is simple yet delicious, and learning how to prepare local dishes can be a fun way to engage with the culture.
Travel Opportunities in South America
Paraguay's central location makes it a great base for exploring South America. With direct access to neighboring countries, you can easily plan trips to Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia. Explore Iguazu Falls in Brazil, enjoy the cultural richness of Buenos Aires, or visit the historical ruins in Bolivia. Affordable travel options within South America allow you to broaden your cultural experiences during time off.
Grow Personally and Professionally
Teaching in Paraguay offers opportunities for personal and professional growth. Living abroad improves your adaptability, cultural understanding, and problem-solving skills. Teaching English in a country where the demand is growing will boost your resume and open doors to future teaching opportunities. You'll also make a meaningful impact on your students, helping them develop essential language skills that can shape their futures.
Requirements to Teach English in Paraguay
Teaching English in Paraguay can be a highly rewarding experience, but there are key requirements you’ll need to meet. Here’s what most schools and language centers in Paraguay typically look for:
🎓 Bachelor’s Degree: Many schools in Paraguay prefer candidates with a bachelor’s degree in any field. While a degree in education, linguistics, or English is particularly beneficial, it is not strictly required. In some cases, exceptions can be made for individuals with substantial teaching experience or specialized skills.
📜 Teaching Qualification: A teaching qualification such as TEFL, TESOL, CELTA, or DELTA is highly recommended and may be required by some schools. These certifications equip teachers with essential skills and methodologies for managing classrooms and delivering quality education, which can significantly enhance your job prospects.
🛂 Work Visa: If you're not a Paraguayan citizen, you will need a work visa to teach in Paraguay. Many employers assist with the visa application process, but it's important to confirm this with potential employers before applying. Getting the necessary documents in order can streamline your transition to living and working in Paraguay.
📖 English Proficiency: You don’t need to be a native English speaker, but you must have a high level of English proficiency. Your ability to communicate clearly and effectively with students is crucial for success in the classroom, whether you are teaching young learners or adult students.
🧑🏫 Teaching Experience: While teaching experience is often preferred, it is not always required in Paraguay. Some schools are open to hiring newly qualified teachers, especially if they hold a TEFL certificate. Having prior experience in teaching or tutoring will improve your chances of landing a higher-paying position, but there are also opportunities for beginners.
📋 Other Requirements: Each school or language center may have specific requirements. It’s always a good idea to check directly with potential employers to confirm what they need and to ensure you meet their expectations. Some schools may also look for teachers who have knowledge of Spanish, although it is not always a strict requirement.
By meeting these qualifications, you’ll increase your chances of securing a teaching job in Paraguay and enjoy a smooth transition into the Paraguayan teaching community.
Salary and Benefits for Teaching English in Paraguay
Paraguay offers a growing demand for English teachers, providing ample opportunities for foreign educators to make a living while exploring this unique South American country. With a low cost of living, Paraguay can be an attractive destination for teachers seeking a comfortable lifestyle. The amount you earn will depend on the type of institution you work at and your qualifications and experience.
Teaching jobs in Paraguay vary widely, from private language schools to international institutions. Here is a breakdown of the types of teaching positions available and their respective salary ranges:
| School Type | Salary (PYG) | Salary (USD) |
|---|---|---|
| Public or Government Schools | 3,500,000 - 5,500,000 PYG | $480 - $760 per month |
| Private Schools | 4,000,000 - 7,000,000 PYG | $550 - $960 per month |
| Private Language Schools | 3,000,000 - 5,000,000 PYG | $410 - $690 per month |
| International Schools | 8,000,000 - 12,000,000 PYG | $1,100 - $1,650 per month |
| Universities | 4,000,000 - 8,000,000 PYG | $550 - $1,100 per month |
| Private English Lessons | 60,000 - 150,000 PYG/hour | $8 - $20 per hour |
Public or Government School Teaching Jobs and Salaries
In Paraguay, public schools provide basic education, and English is increasingly becoming a valued subject. Teaching at public schools generally comes with larger class sizes, and the students' English proficiency levels may vary significantly. The salary for English teachers at public schools in Paraguay ranges between 3,500,000 to 5,500,000 PYG ($480 to $760) per month. These positions may not include additional benefits like housing or health insurance, but the cost of living in Paraguay is relatively low, allowing teachers to live comfortably on this salary.
Private School Teaching Jobs and Salaries
Private schools in Paraguay tend to offer higher salaries than public schools and typically have smaller class sizes, making classroom management easier. These schools often cater to more affluent families, and the students’ English proficiency may be more advanced. English teachers in private schools can expect to earn between 4,000,000 to 7,000,000 PYG ($550 to $960) per month. Some private schools offer benefits such as housing stipends or paid vacation, enhancing the overall compensation package.
International School Teaching Jobs and Salaries
International schools in Paraguay offer the most competitive salaries and benefits for English teachers. These schools follow Western-style curricula and cater to both expatriate and local students. Teachers at international schools typically need advanced qualifications and experience. Salaries at international schools range from 8,000,000 to 12,000,000 PYG ($1,100 to $1,650) per month, with additional benefits such as health insurance, housing assistance, and professional development opportunities. These positions are ideal for teachers with experience in international education and a desire to work in a multicultural environment.
Language School Teaching Jobs and Salaries
Private language schools are a popular option for both local students and adults looking to improve their English skills. These schools often operate outside regular school hours, with classes held in the evenings or on weekends. Teachers may work with both group classes and one-on-one sessions. Salaries at language schools range from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 PYG ($410 to $690) per month. Some language schools pay teachers on an hourly basis, and while the pay may be lower, it can offer flexibility in scheduling.
University Teaching Jobs and Salaries
Teaching English at a university in Paraguay offers prestige and flexibility, as you are generally only required to be present for your classes. This can leave you with more free time for private tutoring or other commitments. Salaries for university English teachers range between 4,000,000 to 8,000,000 PYG ($550 to $1,100) per month. Universities often seek teachers with advanced degrees or significant teaching experience.
Private Tutoring Jobs and Salaries
Private tutoring is a great way for English teachers in Paraguay to supplement their income. Many students and professionals seek private lessons to improve their English for academic or business purposes. Private English lessons typically range from 60,000 to 150,000 PYG ($8 to $20) per hour. While tutoring can be financially rewarding, building a client base takes time and effort. Tutors may also need to market their services through local networks or online platforms.
Cost of Living in Paraguay
When considering the cost of living in Paraguay, it’s important to categorize expenses into essentials (needs) such as rent, utilities, food, and transportation, and luxuries (wants), which may include dining out, entertainment, and gym memberships. Paraguay is known for its affordability, allowing English teachers to enjoy a comfortable lifestyle. However, costs can vary depending on whether you live in the city or a more rural area.
The following breakdown of common monthly expenses is based on recent data from Numbeo:
| Item | Average Cost (PYG) | Average Cost (USD) |
|---|---|---|
| Apartment (1 bedroom) in City Centre | 3,094,825 | $425 |
| Apartment (1 bedroom) Outside Centre | 2,314,661 | $318 |
| Apartment (3 bedrooms) in City Centre | 5,155,740 | $709 |
| Apartment (3 bedrooms) Outside Centre | 3,384,916 | $465 |
| Monthly Utilities (915 sq ft) | 375,043 | $52 |
| Internet (60 Mbps or more) | 136,824 | $19 |
| Meal in an Inexpensive Restaurant | 30,000 | $4.12 |
| Rice (1 lb) | 3,079 | $0.42 |
| Chicken Fillets (1 lb) | 11,036 | $1.52 |
| Potatoes (1 lb) | 3,680 | $0.51 |
| Bananas (1 lb) | 2,720 | $0.38 |
| Water (1.5 liter bottle) | 3,785 | $0.52 |
| Cappuccino (regular) | 14,386 | $1.98 |
| Domestic Beer (0.5 liter bottle) | 5,837 | $0.80 |
| Imported Beer (12 oz small bottle) | 10,844 | $1.49 |
| One-Way Local Transport Ticket | 3,600 | $0.50 |
| Fitness Club, Monthly Fee | 201,575 | $28 |
Housing
Housing in Paraguay is often the most significant expense for English teachers. For a single person, renting a one-bedroom apartment in the city center ranges from 2,000,000 to 4,000,000 PYG (around $275 to $550) per month. Outside the city center, rent decreases significantly, ranging from 1,500,000 to 3,200,000 PYG (about $210 to $440).
For families, a three-bedroom apartment in the city center can range from 3,000,000 to 8,500,000 PYG (around $410 to $1,170) per month. In more suburban areas, these prices are lower, ranging from 2,250,000 to 5,000,000 PYG (approximately $315 to $690).
Living in the city center provides easier access to amenities, schools, and activities but comes with a higher rent. Housing outside the city is more affordable and offers a quieter lifestyle.
Food
Paraguay offers a variety of affordable food options. A meal at an inexpensive restaurant typically costs around 30,000 PYG (around $4.12), ranging from 15,835 to 45,000 PYG ($2.17 to $6.18). Basic groceries, such as rice, chicken, and fresh produce, are reasonably priced, making it easy to maintain a balanced diet. A cappuccino costs about 14,386 PYG ($1.98), while domestic beer is approximately 5,837 PYG ($0.80). For those who enjoy imported goods or dining at high-end restaurants, the costs will be higher, but local markets and eateries provide budget-friendly options.
Transportation
Transportation in Paraguay is affordable. A one-way ticket for local transport costs around 3,600 PYG (0.50 USD), while monthly passes range from 150,000 to 304,348 PYG (20.62 to 41.78 USD). Taxis are also reasonably priced, starting at 9,000 PYG ($1.24) for short trips, with gasoline averaging 28,817 PYG ($3.95) per gallon. Public transport is generally reliable and convenient, particularly in larger cities like Asunción.
Utilities and Internet
Monthly utilities, including electricity, water, garbage, and cooling for an average apartment (around 915 sq ft), typically range between 250,000 to 600,000 PYG (34 to 82 USD), with an average of 375,043 PYG (52 USD). Internet services are both reliable and affordable, with a 60 Mbps or more unlimited data plan costing around 136,824 PYG (19 USD) per month.
Entertainment and Leisure
Entertainment and leisure activities in Paraguay are generally affordable. A gym membership costs around 201,575 PYG (28 USD) per month, while cinema tickets range from 35,000 to 50,000 PYG (4.80 to 6.85 USD). Whether you're exploring cultural sites, enjoying nature, or attending social events, there are plenty of activities available at reasonable prices.
Monthly Cost Summary
For a single person, the estimated monthly costs without rent are around 3,435,861 PYG ($475). For a family of four, the estimated monthly costs are approximately 12,167,497 PYG ($1,685), excluding rent. Total costs will vary depending on your housing and lifestyle choices.
The Best Places to Teach English in Paraguay
Paraguay, a landlocked country in South America, offers a growing demand for English teachers as it continues to develop its education system and increase international connections. With its mix of modern cities and rich cultural history, Paraguay provides diverse experiences for teachers. Here’s a guide to some of the best places to teach English in Paraguay, each with its own unique appeal.
Asunción
Asunción, the capital city of Paraguay, is the country’s largest and most cosmopolitan area. Teaching English in Asunción provides opportunities to work in language schools, international schools, and universities. The city’s growing middle class has increased demand for English education, particularly in business English. Asunción offers a vibrant cultural scene, with theaters, art galleries, and historical sites. It's an ideal location for teachers seeking a dynamic urban environment, and the city’s modern amenities make life comfortable for expats.
Ciudad del Este
Ciudad del Este, located on the Paraguay-Brazil-Argentina border, is a bustling commercial hub known for its shopping and proximity to the famous Iguazu Falls. Teaching English in Ciudad del Este presents unique opportunities due to its international trade connections and growing business sector. Many professionals seek to improve their English skills for business purposes. The city is fast-paced, and while it’s not as cosmopolitan as Asunción, it offers a vibrant, multicultural experience.
Encarnación
Encarnación, often referred to as the “Pearl of the South,” is a picturesque city located along the Paraná River. It is known for its beautiful riverfront, beaches, and laid-back lifestyle. Encarnación also hosts one of Paraguay’s most famous annual carnivals. The demand for English teachers is increasing, especially in private language schools and with tourists and expats moving to the area. Teachers in Encarnación can enjoy a slower pace of life while still contributing to the education sector.
San Lorenzo
San Lorenzo, located just outside Asunción, is Paraguay’s third-largest city and home to the National University of Asunción. Teaching English here offers opportunities to work in both private and public educational institutions, particularly with university students who seek English proficiency for academic and professional growth. San Lorenzo’s proximity to the capital allows teachers to enjoy the benefits of city life while living in a more suburban environment.
Other Notable Destinations
For teachers seeking a quieter experience, cities like Luque and Capiatá are rapidly growing suburban areas with increasing demand for English education. These cities offer more affordable living compared to Asunción and provide a more traditional Paraguayan lifestyle. Teachers may also consider working in rural areas where educational development is a priority. The government’s push for bilingual education in Spanish and Guarani creates opportunities for English teachers to make a significant impact in these regions.
Insights into Paraguayan Culture for English Teachers
Paraguay is a culturally rich country with deep-rooted traditions and social customs that play an important role in daily life. Understanding these cultural aspects can enhance your teaching experience and help build strong relationships with your students and colleagues. Here’s what you need to know about Paraguayan culture.
Greeting and Social Etiquette
Greetings in Paraguay are typically warm and friendly. A handshake is the standard greeting, but among friends and colleagues, it’s common to greet with a kiss on the cheek. When addressing people, using formal titles like "Señor" (Mr.) or "Señora" (Mrs.) is considered polite, especially in professional settings. Maintaining eye contact and using respectful language helps establish trust and mutual respect, which is valued in Paraguayan culture.
Communication and Respect
Paraguayans tend to communicate indirectly, especially in professional or formal settings. It's common to avoid confrontation and maintain harmony in conversations. If a Paraguayan colleague or student appears non-committal or hesitant, it may be a polite way of declining. Teachers should be mindful of this when interacting with students or parents. Building relationships based on mutual respect is key to successful communication in Paraguay.
Age and hierarchy are important in Paraguayan society, especially within families and workplaces. Younger people often defer to their elders, and this respect extends to teachers in the classroom. Establishing your role as a respected figure in the classroom is essential for maintaining order and building rapport with students.
Public Conduct and Physical Gestures
Paraguayan society tends to be conservative, especially outside of the larger cities. Public displays of affection are generally frowned upon, and modest dress is appreciated. Teachers should also be aware of the cultural significance of gestures. For instance, pointing with your finger or using certain hand gestures can be considered rude, so it's best to avoid these actions in professional settings.
National Pride and Religious Observance
Paraguayans are proud of their country’s history and culture, and national pride is evident in everyday life. The Paraguayan flag is often displayed in schools and public buildings, and showing respect for national symbols is expected. Religion, particularly Roman Catholicism, plays an important role in Paraguayan society. Many schools, even public ones, observe religious holidays and practices, and teachers should be respectful of these customs.
By embracing Paraguayan cultural values and customs, teachers can create a positive and inclusive learning environment. Understanding these nuances will help you build stronger connections with your students and colleagues, making your teaching experience more rewarding.
Do You Need to Speak Spanish to Teach English in Paraguay?
While you don’t necessarily need to be fluent in Spanish to teach English in Paraguay, having a basic understanding of the language can greatly enhance your experience. Most teaching positions, particularly in English language schools, expect you to conduct your lessons in English. However, knowing some Spanish will help you communicate with colleagues, parents, and students outside the classroom.
Learning Spanish will also improve your ability to navigate daily life in Paraguay. Simple tasks like shopping, using public transportation, or interacting with locals become much easier when you can understand and speak the language. Moreover, showing an effort to learn Spanish is often appreciated by Paraguayans and can help strengthen relationships with your students and the community.
If you plan to stay long-term, investing in Spanish lessons is a great way to immerse yourself in Paraguayan culture and enhance your professional opportunities.
Do you need to be a native English speaker to teach English in Paraguay?
No, you don’t need to be a native English speaker to teach English in Paraguay. While native speakers are often preferred, many schools and language institutions in Paraguay are open to hiring fluent non-native English speakers, especially those with a solid understanding of English grammar and pronunciation. A strong command of the language, paired with recognized qualifications like a TEFL, TESOL, or CELTA certificate, can make you stand out to potential employers. Non-native speakers who demonstrate fluency and clear communication skills are highly valued, as they can often relate to students learning English as a second language.
In many cases, teaching experience and the ability to engage students outweigh the preference for native speakers. Employers in Paraguay look for competent teachers who can deliver effective lessons and help students improve their English skills. If you’re a non-native speaker with teaching experience or relevant certifications, you will likely have good opportunities in Paraguay. Additionally, speaking Spanish or Guarani, the official languages of Paraguay, can be an asset as it may help you better explain complex concepts and connect with students on a deeper level.
Do You Need a TEFL Certificate to Teach English in Paraguay?
While it’s possible to find English teaching jobs in Paraguay without a TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) certificate, having one significantly improves your chances of securing a good position. Many schools and language centers prefer or require teachers to hold a TEFL certificate, as it demonstrates you have the skills to teach English effectively to non-native speakers.
You can complete a TEFL course in Paraguay or online. Taking a course locally allows you to immerse yourself in Paraguayan culture and understand the country’s educational needs firsthand. However, online TEFL courses offer more flexibility and are often more affordable. With an online option, you can study at your own pace and choose from a wider variety of accredited programs.
Can You Teach English in Paraguay Without a Degree?
In Paraguay, a bachelor’s degree is not always a strict requirement for teaching English. While many schools prefer teachers with a degree, some institutions and private tutoring opportunities are more flexible. The exact requirements often depend on the specific school or organization. Some prioritize teaching skills and the ability to communicate effectively over formal qualifications. That said, schools that don’t require a degree may still expect a TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) certificate.
If you don’t have a degree, a TEFL certificate can help you secure a teaching job in Paraguay. This qualification demonstrates that you have the tools and knowledge needed to teach English to non-native speakers, making it a valuable alternative for those without a university degree. While some schools may still ask for a degree, having a TEFL certification is often sufficient to start teaching in Paraguay.
Can You Teach English in Paraguay Without Experience?
Yes, you can teach English in Paraguay without prior teaching experience. Many schools and language centers in the country are open to hiring teachers who are just starting out, especially if they are native English speakers or have a strong command of the language. However, while experience isn’t always required, schools often look for candidates with the right qualifications, such as a TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) certificate, which helps prove your teaching abilities even if you’re new to the profession.
A TEFL certificate can make a significant difference for those without experience. It provides foundational skills in classroom management, lesson planning, and student engagement, all essential for teaching English to non-native speakers. By completing a TEFL course, you’ll gain practical knowledge that can make you a more attractive candidate for schools in Paraguay, even if it’s your first teaching job. With this certification, you can confidently start your teaching career in Paraguay.
How to Find English Teaching Jobs in Paraguay
Finding a teaching job in Paraguay can be a straightforward process if you know where to look and how to present yourself effectively. Here are some helpful tips to guide you through your job search:
Online Job Portals
One of the best ways to find teaching jobs in Paraguay is through online platforms that specialize in teaching opportunities. Websites like Teast provide detailed listings of job openings, including information about qualifications, salaries, and how to apply. While international job boards might occasionally feature listings in Paraguay, using a specialized resource ensures that you access the most relevant opportunities. Additionally, local Paraguayan job portals such as Computrabajo Paraguay often post teaching positions, making them valuable resources in your search.
Contact Language Schools Directly
Not all language schools post their job vacancies online. A proactive approach is to directly reach out to language schools in Paraguay, especially in cities like Asunción and Ciudad del Este, which have a growing demand for English teachers. Sending a professional email with your CV and cover letter to these schools can help you stand out. Even if they don’t have current openings, they may keep your details on file for future positions.
Leverage Social Media and Teaching Networks
Social media platforms like Facebook host groups dedicated to teaching English in Paraguay. Joining these groups allows you to network with current and former teachers, as well as recruiters who often share job postings. This is also a great way to gather firsthand advice and tips from those with experience teaching in Paraguay. LinkedIn is another valuable tool for connecting with educational institutions and recruiters in the region.
Prepare Your Application Materials
To stand out in your job search, ensure your CV highlights your relevant qualifications, such as a TEFL certificate, and any teaching or tutoring experience. Even if you don’t have direct teaching experience, focus on transferable skills like communication, leadership, and organization. In your cover letter, make sure to express why you’re interested in teaching in Paraguay and how your background aligns with the needs of the schools you’re applying to.
Consider Offering Private Tutoring
Private tutoring is a popular option in Paraguay, especially among students preparing for exams or professionals looking to improve their English skills. Consider offering private lessons as a way to supplement your income or as a primary job. You can advertise your services through social media, community boards, or by partnering with local language schools. Private tutoring gives you flexibility and allows you to build strong relationships with your students.
By using these strategies, you’ll increase your chances of finding an English teaching job in Paraguay and may even secure a position before arriving.