Teach English in Kobe, Japan

Teach English in Kobe, Japan

Kobe, a vibrant port city located between the Rokko Mountains and the Seto Inland Sea, offers a unique blend of urban sophistication and natural beauty. Known for its world-famous Kobe beef, historical landmarks, and scenic harbor views, Kobe provides a rich cultural experience for English teachers seeking to immerse themselves in one of Japan's most attractive cities. Teaching English in Kobe is an opportunity to build a rewarding career while exploring the city's rich history, culinary delights, and relaxed coastal lifestyle. For those interested in teaching English in Japan, Kobe presents an excellent balance of work and leisure.

Whether you're strolling through the bustling streets of Sannomiya, hiking in the Rokko Mountains, or visiting the serene Ikuta Shrine, Kobe offers endless opportunities for cultural exploration and adventure. The city’s growing demand for English education, competitive salaries, and variety of teaching positions make it a great destination for both new and experienced educators.

Why Choose Kobe?

Choosing to teach in Kobe is more than just a job—it’s an opportunity to live in a city that blends cosmopolitan charm with access to stunning natural landscapes. Here’s why Kobe stands out as a destination for English teachers:

High Demand for English Teachers

Kobe, as part of the Kansai region, has a steady demand for English teachers across various institutions. Teaching opportunities are available in public schools, private eikaiwas (language schools), international schools, and universities. The city is particularly appealing to teachers who want to work in a culturally rich and less crowded environment compared to major cities like Tokyo or Osaka. Whether you’re a recent graduate or a seasoned professional, there are numerous roles in Kobe’s diverse educational landscape.

Competitive Salaries and Benefits

Salaries for English teachers in Kobe are competitive, with pay often complemented by benefits such as health insurance, transportation allowances, and housing support. Many schools also offer bonuses for contract completion. While Kobe’s cost of living is lower than that of Tokyo, teachers can still enjoy a high standard of living, with access to excellent dining, entertainment, and travel opportunities.

Balance of Urban Convenience and Natural Beauty

Kobe’s unique geography places the city between the sea and the mountains, offering residents the best of both worlds. The city has a modern infrastructure with efficient transportation, high-quality healthcare, and plenty of amenities, while also providing easy access to outdoor activities such as hiking in Mount Rokko and beach visits along the coast. This balance makes Kobe an attractive destination for those who appreciate both nature and city life.

In addition, Kobe is known for its culinary scene, particularly its Kobe beef, but also offers a wide range of international and local dining experiences. Areas like Kobe Harborland and Kitano feature stylish cafes, restaurants, and shops, ensuring there is always something new to explore.

Gateway to the Kansai Region

Kobe’s central location in the Kansai region makes it an ideal base for exploring some of Japan's most iconic cities. The shinkansen (bullet train) connects Kobe to Kyoto, Osaka, and Nara within an hour, offering quick access to cultural and historical landmarks. Nature lovers can visit nearby attractions such as the Awaji Island or the Arima Onsen hot springs.

For international travel, Kansai International Airport is easily accessible from Kobe, providing convenient connections to destinations across Asia and beyond.

Rich Cultural and Historical Heritage

Kobe has a rich history influenced by its status as an international port city. You can explore historical neighborhoods like Kitano, which features well-preserved foreign residences from the Meiji era, or visit the Kobe Earthquake Memorial Park, which commemorates the resilience of the city following the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake. Kobe’s cultural calendar is filled with events such as the Kobe Luminarie light festival and Port Festival, offering opportunities to immerse yourself in local traditions.

Friendly Expat Community and Networking Opportunities

Kobe has a thriving expat community, making it easier for new teachers to build a social network. The city hosts language exchanges, cultural festivals, and professional meetups, providing plenty of chances to connect with both locals and fellow expats. Many Japanese residents, especially students and professionals, are eager to learn and practice English, fostering an environment where teachers can build meaningful relationships.

Teaching English in Kobe combines cultural discovery, personal development, and career advancement. With its scenic beauty, historical depth, and welcoming community, Kobe is an ideal destination for English teachers seeking an enriching experience in Japan.

Requirements to Teach English in Kobe, Japan

If you’re considering teaching English in Kobe, Japan, you’ll find that the requirements are straightforward and designed to accommodate candidates from a variety of professional backgrounds. Japan values enthusiastic educators who are eager to contribute to the development of students’ English language skills while immersing themselves in the country's rich culture. Whether you’re a recent graduate or an experienced teacher, Kobe offers a structured and rewarding environment for starting or advancing your teaching career.

Basic Qualifications

• Bachelor’s Degree: A bachelor’s degree in any subject is required to secure a work visa in Japan. This applies to all teaching roles across the country.
• Native English Speaker (Preferred): Schools often prefer native English speakers from countries like the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and South Africa. However, non-native speakers with strong qualifications and teaching experience can also find opportunities.
• TEFL/TESOL Certification: While not a visa requirement, many schools prefer candidates with a TEFL or TESOL certification of at least 120 hours. This can significantly enhance your job prospects.
• Clean Criminal Record: A clean criminal background check is necessary to obtain a work visa. This is a standard requirement to ensure a safe learning environment for students.
• Health Check: Teachers must undergo a basic health check to confirm physical and mental fitness for work as part of the visa application process.
• Minimum Age Requirement: Applicants must be at least 21 years old to teach in Japan, though some schools may have additional criteria.

Additional Attributes

• Adaptability and Cultural Interest: Embracing Japanese customs, language, and social norms is key to building rapport with students and colleagues.
• Teamwork and Communication Skills: Japanese schools emphasize collaboration among teachers, so being a team player is highly valued.
• Creative and Engaging Teaching Style: Schools expect teachers to keep lessons dynamic and interactive, often using games, multimedia, and real-life scenarios to enhance learning.

TEFL Certification Options

While not mandatory for all roles, a TEFL certification can increase your chances of landing a teaching job in Japan. Here are some resources:

• TEFL Courses in Japan: Learn more about in-person programs available across Japan.
• Online TEFL Courses: Earn your certification from anywhere before relocating to Japan.

Who Can Teach?

Japan welcomes teachers from a wide array of backgrounds, including those with degrees in subjects outside of education or English. Whether you have experience in marketing, engineering, or childcare, what matters most is your passion for teaching and ability to connect with students. Enthusiasm, adaptability, and a positive attitude will help you thrive in Japan’s teaching environment.

Salary and Benefits for Teaching English in Kobe

Kobe offers competitive salaries for English teachers, comparable to other cities in Japan, along with additional perks that make living and working in the city comfortable. Depending on your qualifications, experience, and the type of school you work for, you can expect to earn between 230,000 and 600,000 JPY ($1,570 to $4,100 USD) per month. Teaching roles often include benefits that help you maintain a high quality of life while enjoying the cultural and natural attractions Kobe has to offer.

Salary Overview

Benefits and Perks

Teaching positions in Kobe often include a range of benefits designed to support both your professional and personal life. These may vary depending on your employer but typically include:

• Health Insurance: Teachers are enrolled in Japan’s national healthcare system, which provides access to high-quality medical services at a low cost.
• Visa Sponsorship: Most schools offer assistance with obtaining your work visa and Residence Card, simplifying the legal process of living and working in Japan.
• Transportation Allowance: Many employers reimburse the cost of commuting within the city, making it easier to navigate Kobe’s efficient transportation system.
• Paid Holidays: Public schools and universities offer long vacation periods, including national holidays and summer breaks. Private language schools may provide fewer vacation days but often have flexible scheduling.
• Professional Development: Some schools offer training sessions, workshops, or mentorship programs to help teachers grow professionally.
• Accommodation Support: While free housing is rare in Kobe, schools may help teachers find housing or offer a relocation allowance.
• Contract Completion Bonuses: Certain employers reward teachers with a bonus at the end of their contract to encourage long-term commitment.

Cost of Living Considerations

While Kobe’s cost of living is more affordable than Tokyo's, teachers can still manage their expenses with proper budgeting. By taking advantage of benefits such as healthcare and transportation allowances, you can enjoy Kobe’s renowned dining scene, outdoor activities, and cultural attractions without financial strain.

Cost of Living in Kobe, Japan

Kobe, a cosmopolitan city known for its scenic beauty, international vibe, and renowned beef, offers a comfortable cost of living compared to other major cities in Japan. While Kobe maintains a balance between modern urban life and tranquil nature, its affordability makes it an attractive destination for English teachers. A single person’s monthly budget, excluding rent, averages around ¥120,000 ($850 USD), while a family of four may require closer to ¥400,000 ($2,800 USD). Here’s a breakdown of typical monthly expenses in Kobe:

Housing Costs

Kobe offers a variety of housing options to suit different budgets. A one-bedroom apartment in the city center typically costs between ¥60,000 and ¥80,000 ($420 - $560 USD) per month. Suburban options are more affordable, ranging from ¥45,000 to ¥60,000 ($320 - $420 USD). Families can find three-bedroom apartments in the city center for ¥100,000 to ¥150,000 ($700 - $1,050 USD), while suburban options cost between ¥85,000 and ¥120,000 ($595 - $840 USD).

Dining and Food Scene

Kobe is famous for its world-class beef and diverse dining scene. A meal at an inexpensive restaurant costs between ¥750 and ¥1,500 ($5.30 - $10.50 USD), while a three-course meal for two at a mid-range restaurant ranges from ¥2,596 to ¥7,000 ($18 - $49 USD). Fast food options like McDonald’s offer combo meals for around ¥650 to ¥800 ($4.60 - $5.60 USD).

Transportation

Kobe’s transportation system is efficient and affordable. A one-way local transport ticket costs around ¥210 ($1.50 USD). Taxi fares start at ¥560 ($4.00 USD), while gasoline prices range from ¥605 to ¥665 ($4.30 - $4.75 USD) per gallon. Many residents also take advantage of Kobe’s extensive train and bus networks for daily commutes.

Entertainment and Leisure

Kobe offers a range of entertainment options. Gym memberships cost between ¥6,800 and ¥12,000 ($48 - $85 USD) per month, and cinema tickets are priced from ¥1,500 to ¥4,646 ($10 - $32 USD). For those who enjoy socializing, local beers at bars are available for ¥250 to ¥995 ($1.70 - $7.00 USD), with imported options costing slightly more.

Living Comfortably in Kobe

Kobe provides a balance of modern amenities and natural beauty, making it an attractive city for English teachers. The cost of living is moderate compared to larger cities like Tokyo and Osaka. By leveraging benefits from teaching positions, such as healthcare subsidies and transportation allowances, teachers can enjoy a comfortable and rewarding lifestyle while exploring all that Kobe has to offer.

Types of Teaching Positions Available in Kobe

Diverse Teaching Roles

Kobe, known for its rich cultural heritage and beautiful coastal landscape, offers a variety of teaching opportunities for English educators. Its strong demand for English instruction across multiple educational institutions makes it an appealing choice for teachers. Here’s a breakdown of the main types of teaching roles available:

Public Schools

Public schools in Kobe, often affiliated with programs such as the JET (Japan Exchange and Teaching) Programme or recruitment agencies like Interac, provide structured roles as Assistant Language Teachers (ALTs). In these positions, teachers work alongside Japanese instructors to enhance students' English conversation skills. Class sizes can range from 30 to 40 students, and schedules typically follow a Monday-to-Friday format with standard daytime hours. Public school roles come with benefits like health insurance, paid holidays, and potential housing support.

Private English Schools (Eikaiwas)

Private language schools, known as eikaiwas, are prominent throughout Kobe. These schools cater to learners of all ages, including children, university students, and working professionals. Eikaiwas generally have smaller class sizes (1-15 students), allowing for a more interactive and personalized teaching environment. These institutions often operate during afternoons, evenings, and weekends, offering flexible schedules. Benefits such as transportation allowances and performance bonuses are common.

International Schools

Kobe is home to several prestigious international schools that follow curricula such as the International Baccalaureate (IB), British, or American systems. These institutions attract expatriate families and affluent locals. Teachers at international schools usually need a teaching license or education degree. With small class sizes (typically fewer than 20 students), educators in these roles can expect salaries ranging from ¥250,000 to ¥600,000 ($1,710 - $4,100 USD) per month, along with benefits like housing allowances, professional development, and health insurance.

Universities

University teaching positions in Kobe offer opportunities for those seeking academic roles. These positions often involve teaching specialized topics like English literature, linguistics, or business communication. A Master’s or PhD is usually required for university roles. The workload is light, typically involving 10 to 15 hours of teaching per week, leaving ample time for research and personal projects. Salaries start at around ¥300,000 ($2,050 USD) per month and often include long vacation periods.

Private Tutoring

Private tutoring is a flexible and potentially lucrative option for teachers in Kobe. Tutors can work with a range of students, including schoolchildren, university attendees, and business professionals. Hourly rates typically range from ¥3,000 to ¥5,000 ($20 - $35 USD), depending on the teacher's experience and expertise. Many teachers take on private tutoring to supplement their primary income while building rewarding relationships with their students.

Work Culture Expectations

Kobe’s teaching culture values punctuality, professionalism, and a collaborative approach. Understanding and respecting Japanese customs and etiquette are essential for success in the workplace.

Work Hours

Schedules depend on the type of institution. Public and international schools generally follow regular weekday hours, while eikaiwas and private tutoring may require evening and weekend availability. University roles offer more flexibility, often with fewer teaching hours and extended vacation periods.

Classroom Size

Class sizes vary across institutions. Public schools typically have larger classes of 30 to 40 students, while eikaiwas and international schools maintain smaller class sizes (1-20 students) to provide a more personalized learning experience.

Teaching Style

Japanese schools focus on structured and immersive English education. Teachers are encouraged to use interactive methods, such as role-playing, games, and multimedia, to keep students engaged. Public schools may follow a rigid curriculum, whereas private and international schools often allow more creativity in lesson planning.

Classroom Environment

Japanese students are generally respectful and highly motivated. Teachers are expected to foster a positive and engaging atmosphere while balancing discipline with encouragement.

Tips for Job Searching in Kobe

Finding a teaching position in Kobe requires preparation and persistence. Here are some strategies to help you secure a role:

Best Times to Apply

Public schools recruit in advance of the school year, which begins in April, with a secondary hiring period in September. Eikaiwas and private tutoring roles hire year-round, offering greater flexibility for job seekers.

Job Boards and Agencies

Websites like Teast are excellent resources for finding teaching jobs in Kobe. Recruitment agencies can also help guide you through the application process and connect you with reputable schools.

Networking and Social Groups

Kobe has a welcoming expat community, and networking can significantly improve your job prospects. Joining expat groups on social media, attending meetups, and participating in professional development workshops are great ways to build valuable connections. Many schools prefer candidates with personal recommendations, so cultivating a strong local network is beneficial.

Preparation and Documents

Ensure that your resume emphasizes relevant teaching experience, certifications, and skills. Schools in Kobe may request a demo lesson or a video introduction to evaluate your teaching style. Be ready to provide documentation, such as proof of your degree, TEFL/TESOL certification, and a clean criminal background check. Having these materials prepared will streamline your application process and improve your chances of securing a role.

Embracing Japanese Culture in Kobe

Understanding Local Customs and Etiquette

Kobe is a city with a rich cultural history and a blend of Japanese and international influences. Understanding local customs can greatly enhance your teaching and social experience. Respect for hierarchy and elders is important in Japanese society. Polite greetings, often accompanied by a bow, are customary in both professional and social settings. In business environments, exchanging business cards (meishi) with both hands is a sign of respect.

When visiting religious sites such as Ikuta Shrine or Nofukuji Temple, follow etiquette by cleansing your hands at the entrance and dressing modestly. Removing shoes before entering homes, traditional inns, or tatami rooms is standard practice. Learning basic Japanese phrases like “Arigatou gozaimasu” (thank you) and “Sumimasen” (excuse me) will help you build positive relationships with locals.

Language Considerations

While some Kobe residents speak English, especially in tourist areas, proficiency is generally limited. Learning basic Japanese phrases such as “Konnichiwa” (hello) and “Sayonara” (goodbye) can go a long way in improving your interactions.

For those planning an extended stay, enrolling in Japanese language classes is recommended. Kobe offers several language schools and cultural exchange programs that help expats improve their language skills. Many teachers find that learning Japanese enhances both their personal and professional lives.

Making Friends and Building a Social Life

Kobe’s welcoming community, combined with its large international population, provides plenty of opportunities for socializing and networking. Neighborhoods such as Kitano and Sannomiya are popular spots for expats, offering a wide range of restaurants, cafes, and cultural events.

Joining expat groups on social media, attending cultural events, and participating in language exchange programs are excellent ways to meet new people. Kobe also hosts a variety of festivals, including the Kobe Luminarie and the Port Festival, which provide opportunities to experience Japanese traditions while connecting with others.

Participating in Festivals and Celebrations

Kobe has a vibrant festival scene that reflects both its traditional and modern identity. The Kobe Luminarie, held annually in December, features stunning light displays and commemorates the victims of the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake. The Port Festival, celebrated every summer, showcases Kobe's maritime heritage with parades, fireworks, and live performances.

Western holidays like Christmas and Halloween are also widely celebrated, often with unique Japanese adaptations. Attending these festivals is a great way to immerse yourself in the local culture and strengthen your ties to the community.

Exploring Kobe’s Must-See Attractions

Key Landmarks and Attractions

Kobe offers a captivating mix of historic sites, scenic landscapes, and modern attractions. Here are some must-see landmarks:

• Ikuta Shrine: One of Japan’s oldest Shinto shrines, located in the heart of Kobe, known for its peaceful grounds and cultural significance.
• Kobe Port Tower: An iconic symbol of the city, offering panoramic views of Kobe’s harbor and skyline.
• Kobe Chinatown (Nankin-machi): A vibrant district filled with Chinese restaurants, shops, and festivals, reflecting Kobe’s multicultural history.
• Kobe Animal Kingdom: A family-friendly park where visitors can interact with a variety of animals in a lush, indoor garden setting.
• Mount Rokko: Famous for its breathtaking views of the city and bay, as well as hiking trails and hot springs.

These landmarks highlight Kobe’s unique balance of cultural heritage and modern innovation.

Outdoor and Recreation Spots

Kobe is renowned for its natural beauty and outdoor activities. Here are a few spots to enjoy:

• Mount Rokko: Ideal for hiking, offering stunning views of Kobe and the Seto Inland Sea. The area also features a botanical garden and ski slopes in the winter.
• Nunobiki Herb Garden: Located near Shin-Kobe Station, this garden is accessible by ropeway and features panoramic views and seasonal blooms.
• Meriken Park: A waterfront park home to modern sculptures, museums, and a memorial for the 1995 earthquake.
• Arima Onsen: One of Japan’s oldest hot spring resorts, located just a short train ride from Kobe, perfect for relaxation.

Nightlife and Entertainment

Kobe’s nightlife offers a mix of traditional and contemporary experiences:

• Sannomiya District: The city’s main entertainment hub, known for its lively bars, izakayas, and karaoke spots.
• Kitano: Famous for its historic European-style houses, this area also offers a range of upscale cafes, wine bars, and restaurants.
• Harborland: A scenic waterfront area with shopping, dining, and entertainment options, including ferris wheel rides and live music.
• Jazz Clubs: Kobe is known for its jazz scene, with venues such as Sone offering live performances and a vibrant atmosphere.
• Karaoke Bars (KTV): A popular social activity, karaoke bars provide private rooms for singing with friends and colleagues.

With its blend of cultural attractions, natural beauty, and entertainment options, Kobe offers a well-rounded lifestyle for English teachers and expats.

Practical Considerations for Teaching in Kobe

Climate and Seasons

Kobe experiences a humid subtropical climate, with four distinct seasons offering a variety of activities and experiences throughout the year:

• Spring (March to May): Mild and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 12°C to 20°C (54°F to 68°F). The city's parks and gardens, such as Meriken Park and Rokko Alpine Garden, come alive with cherry blossoms during this season.
• Summer (June to August): Hot and humid, with temperatures often reaching over 30°C (86°F). The tsuyu rainy season occurs in June, followed by sunny, humid weather. Staying hydrated and cool is crucial during this time.
• Autumn (September to November): Cool and refreshing, with temperatures between 15°C and 25°C (59°F to 77°F). The fall foliage, particularly in Mount Rokko, offers stunning natural scenery perfect for hiking and outdoor activities.
• Winter (December to February): Cool but generally dry, with temperatures averaging 3°C to 10°C (37°F to 50°F). Snowfall is rare but possible in the higher elevations near Mount Rokko. Layered clothing is essential to stay comfortable.

Each season in Kobe presents unique opportunities to explore the city’s natural and cultural attractions, from spring flower festivals to autumn leaf viewing (momiji-gari).

Health and Safety in Kobe

Healthcare: Kobe is home to reputable hospitals and clinics, including Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, which offers services to expats. Japan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) system ensures affordable and high-quality medical care. Some medical centers have English-speaking staff, though learning a few key Japanese phrases can be helpful.

Vaccinations: Standard vaccinations, such as those for Hepatitis A and B, tetanus, and influenza, are recommended. Consult your healthcare provider for advice tailored to your situation before arriving.

Safety Tips: Kobe is considered one of Japan’s safest cities. Violent crime is rare, but basic precautions, such as securing your belongings in crowded areas, are advised. The city’s transportation system is reliable and safe even late at night.

Technology and Connectivity

Kobe is a modern, tech-friendly city with excellent digital infrastructure:

• Internet Access: High-speed internet is widely available. Public Wi-Fi can be found in many areas, including cafes, train stations, and shopping centers. Most apartments offer fiber-optic broadband services.
• SIM Cards and Mobile Plans: Providers like NTT Docomo, SoftBank, and au offer both prepaid and long-term mobile plans. Expats can purchase SIM cards upon arrival with their residence card.
• Essential Apps: Commonly used apps include LINE (for communication), Google Maps (for navigation), and Rakuten (for online shopping). Food delivery apps like Uber Eats are also available in Kobe.

Banking and Money Management

Managing your finances in Kobe is straightforward, thanks to Japan's modern banking system:

• Opening a Bank Account: Major banks like MUFG Bank, SMBC, and Japan Post Bank provide services for foreigners. You’ll need your residence card, passport, and proof of address to open an account.
• Mobile Payments: Payment platforms such as PayPay and Rakuten Pay are increasingly common, though many smaller establishments still prefer cash.
• ATMs and Cash: ATMs are widely available at convenience stores and train stations. Many ATMs support international cards, but it's advisable to carry some cash, as smaller businesses may not accept credit cards.

Transportation and Getting Around

Kobe’s efficient transportation system makes navigating the city easy and convenient:

• Public Transportation: The Kobe Municipal Subway, Hankyu, and JR lines connect Kobe to neighboring cities like Osaka and Kyoto. A one-way ticket on local transport typically costs around ¥210, and prepaid IC cards such as ICOCA or PiTaPa simplify travel.
• Ride-Hailing and Taxis: Taxis are safe and reliable but more expensive than public transportation. Apps like GO and JapanTaxi can be used to book taxis.
• Cycling: Kobe has a growing number of bike-friendly paths. Bike rental services like Kobe City Rent-a-Cycle are available in several areas, making cycling a great way to explore the city.
• Commuting Tips: Avoid peak hours (7-9 AM and 5-7 PM) to minimize crowding on trains. Use apps like Google Maps or NAVITIME for real-time route updates.

Final Thoughts on Teaching English in Kobe

Pros and Cons Recap

Teaching English in Kobe offers a balance of cultural enrichment, professional growth, and modern convenience. Here’s a summary of the pros and cons:

Pros

• Stable Demand for Teachers: Kobe’s position as a key economic and cultural hub in the Kansai region ensures a steady demand for English teachers.
• Competitive Salaries: Teaching roles in Kobe offer competitive pay and benefits, including healthcare and transportation allowances.
• Blend of Tradition and Modernity: Kobe provides access to both historic landmarks and modern amenities, including a thriving international dining scene.
• Relaxed, Scenic Lifestyle: With nearby mountains, hot springs, and scenic harbors, Kobe offers a balanced lifestyle ideal for outdoor enthusiasts and city dwellers alike.

Cons

• Moderate Cost of Living: While more affordable than Tokyo, Kobe's living costs can still be significant, particularly for housing in central areas.
• Language Barrier: Although English is spoken in some settings, learning Japanese is helpful for navigating daily life and building social connections.
• Job Competition: Kobe's desirable location and lifestyle attract many teachers, which can make certain positions more competitive.

Is Kobe Right for You?

Kobe is a fantastic choice for teachers seeking a blend of cultural immersion, natural beauty, and professional opportunities. The city’s friendly atmosphere, efficient infrastructure, and rich cultural heritage make it an ideal destination for expats. If you’re ready to embark on a rewarding teaching career in a city that offers both relaxation and adventure, Kobe might be the perfect fit for you.